Bacille Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Vaccine

     Bacille Calmette - Guerin ( BCG ) Vaccine            What is BCG vaccine? BCG is a vaccine containing live, weakened tuberculosis germs that activate a person's immune system. Countries have used BCG almost 100 years. Globally, about 100 million children receive BCG yearly. BCG protects infants and young children from severe presentations of tuberculosis such as TB Meningitis and Disseminated TB. There is uncertainty about whether BCG protects people from tuberculosis infections after infancy.        Is BCG vaccine safe? BCG vaccine is safe for most infants. BCG is a live bacteria and infants with severe immune deficiencies cannot receive BCG.                                                                                                                                                                      BCG vaccine causes a small raised bump that can swell and leak fluid 2-4 week after the vaccine. this usually heals within 2-5 months and usually leaves a small scar.                                                                                                                                     BCG often causes a lymph node in the armpit or above the collarbone to swell-this is a normal immune system response. There is a low risk of a lymph node becoming infected. if you find a lump after BCG, Talk to your healthcare provider.                                                                                                                                          A BCG vaccine in the first year of  life may result in a future false positive tuberculin skin test ( TST ) up to the age of 10. TSTs help diagnose TB infections.                                                                                                                                        There is a very rare change of a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis can occur with any vaccine or medication. Anaphylaxis results in hives, rash, swelling of the lips or tongue, and difficulty breathing. Anaphylaxis typically occurs within 15 minutes of receiving a vaccine so we recommend that you stay in the clinic for 15 minutes after getting the vaccine. Your healthcare provider is trained to treat anaphylaxis.         What is the risk of not getting BCG vaccine? BCG protects from severe froms TB in infants and children. the rates of TB infection are much higher in some parts of the NWT compared to canada as a whole.               Reasons an infant may not be eligible to receive BCG vaccine:      Tell your healthcare provider if your baby has any of the following:                                                                                                                              Immune system concerns such as: Taking medications that affect the immune system, HIV positive, Born to HIV positive or unknow HIV mother, The birth mother was on immune suppressing medications during pregnancy or while breastfeeding Having a family member with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency ( SCID ), Positive TST or active TB disease, Allergy to the vaccine or its components, Burns or other serious skin problems, Is older than 12 months of age, Positive SCID test.                                                                         BCG vaccine aftercare After your infant receives BCG vaccine:        Wash your baby's arm normally, place a cool damp compress over any swelling if the sore, If the sore is draining, cover it with a dry, dressing that is not waterproof ( e.g. gauze )                                                                                                             

                                                        

Tetanus ( TT ) Vaccination

                                     Tetanus ( TT ) Vaccination                    Why should may child get a tetanus shot?                                                                    Protects your child from tetanus, which can be a serious and even deadly disease, as well as diphtheria and whooping cough ( pertussis ).                Protects your child from painful muscle stiffness from tetanus.                            Keeps your child from missing school or child care, and you from missing work.                                                                                                                                     What vaccines protect against tetanus? There are 2 vaccines that help protect children against tetanus: DTaP and Tdap. Both also protect against diphtheria and whooping cough. these shots do not offer lifetime protection. People need booster shots to keep up protection.                                                What are the side effects? Most children don't have any side effects from DTaP or Tdap. The side effects that do occur from DTaP are usually mild, and may include:                                                                                                                          Sore or swelling where the shot was given, fever, Fussiness, Feeling tired, Loss of appetite, Vomiting,                                                                                                        More serious side effects are very rare but with DTaP can include:                         A fever over 105 degrees Nonstop crying for 3 hours or more Seizures ( jerking, twitching of the muscles, or staring ) The side effects from Tdap are usually mild, and may include:                                                                                   Pain, redness, or swelling where the shot was given Mild fever, Headache, Feeling tired, Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomachache Some preteens and teens might faint after getting Tdap or any other shot.                           What Is Tetanus? Tetanus, also know as lockjaw, is a serious but preventable disease that affects the body's muscle and nerves.                                               Starting at 2 months of age, all babies in the United States are vaccinated against tetanus. the disease is much more common in developing countries than it is in the United States.                                                               What Causes Tetanus? Tetanus is caused by a type of bacteria called clostridium tetani that usually live in soil. the bacteria make a toxin ( a chemical or poison that harms the body ). this toxin attaches to nerves around a wound area and travels inside the nerves to the brain or spinal cord. there it interferes with the normal activity of nerves, especially the motor nerves that send direct messages to muscles.                                                                                                 In the United States, most cases of tetanus follow a contaminated cut or deep puncture injury, such as a wound caused by stepping on a nail. Sometimes the injury is so small the person never even sees a doctor.            Tetanus is most common in: Injrries that involve dead skin, such as burns, frostbite, gangrene, or crush injuries wounds contaminated with soil, saliva ( spit ), or faces, especially if not cleaned well skin punctures from nonsterile needles, such as with drug use or self-performed tattooing or body piercing.                                                                            

Tetanus - Diphtheria ( TD ) Vaccine

                     Tetanus - Diphtheria ( TD ) Vaccine            TD vaccine can prevent tetanus and diphtheria. Tetanus enters the body throug cuts or wounds. Diphtheria spreads from person to person.                       TETANUS ( T ) causes painful stiffening of the muscle. Tetanus can lead to serious health problems, including being unable to be open the mouth, having trouble swallowing and breathing or death.                                                     DIPHTHERIA ( D ) can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, or death.                                                                                                                                 Td vaccine Td is only for children 7 years and older, adolescents, and adults.          Td is usually given as a booster dose every 10 years, but it can also be given earlier after a severe and dirty wound or burn.                                                      Another vaccine, called Tdap, that protects against pertussis, also know as " whooping cough," in addition to tetanus and diphtheria, may be used instead of Td.                                                                                                                                      Td may be given at the time as other vaccines.                                                      Talk with your health care provider                                                                                Tell your vaccine provider if the person getting the vaccine:                                           Has had an allergic reaction after a previous dose of any vaccine that protects against tetanus or disphtheria, or has any severe, life- threatening allergies.                                                                                                                              Has ever had Guillain-Barre Syndrome ( also called GBS ).                                          Has had severe pain or swelling after a previous dose of any vaccine that protects against tetanus or diphtheria.                                                                                 In some cases, your health care provider may decide to postpone Td vaccination to a future visit.                                                                                                   People with minor illnesses, such as a cold, may be vaccinated. people who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they rercover before getting Td vaccine.                                                                                                                     Your health care provider can given you more information.             Risks of a vaccine reaction                                                                                           Pain, redness, or swelling where the shot was given, mild fever, headache, feeling tired, and nausea, or stomachache sometimes happen after Td vaccine.   People sometimes faint after medical procedures, including vaccination, Tell your provider if you fell dizzy or have vision changes or ringing in the ears.           As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death.                              

                                             

Gardasil 9 Vaccine

                                    Gardasil 9 Vaccine                                    Gardasil 9 is a vaccine indicated in females 9 through 45 years of age for the prevention of cerviral, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by human papillomavirus ( HPV ) Types 16,18,31,33,45,52, and 58; cervical, vaginal, and anal precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV types 6,11,16,18,31,33,45,52, and 58; and genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and 11.                                                                Gardasil 9 is indicated in male 9 through 45 years of age for the prevention of anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV types 16,18,31,33,45,52, and 58; anal precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV types 6,11,16,18,31,33,45,52,and 58; and genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and 11.                                                                                                                   The oropharyngeal and head and neck cancer indication is approved under accelerated approval based on effectiveness in preventing HPV-related anogenital disease. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial.                                                                                                                                          Gardasil 9 dose not eliminate the necessity for vaccine recipients to undergo screening for cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head abd neck cancer as recommended by a health care provider.                                     Gardasil 9 has not been demonstrated to provide protection against disease caused by:                                                                                      HPV types not covered by the vaccine                                                                            HPV types to which a person has previously been exposed through sexual activity                                                                                                                                 Not all vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers are caused by HPV, and GARDASIL 9 protects only against those vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV types 16,18,31,33,45,52, and 58.                                                                               Gardasil 9 is not a treatment for external genital lesions; cerviral, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancer; or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ( CIN ), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia ( VIN ), vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia ( VaIN ), or anal intraepithelial neoplasia ( AIN ).                                                                                                                       Vaccination with GARDASIL 9 may not result in protection in all vaccine recipients.                                                                                                            Safety Information for GARDASIL 9                                                                   Gardasil 9 is contraindicated in individuals with hypersensitivity, including severe allergic reactions to yeast, or after a previous dose of GARDASIL 9 or GARDASIL [ Human papillomavirus Quadrivalent ( types 6,11,16, and 18 ) Vaccine, Recombinant ].                                                                                                                      Because vaccinees may develop syncope, sometimes resulting in falling with injury, observation for 15 minutes after administration is recommended. syncope. sometimes associated with tonic- clonic movements and other seizure-like activity, has been reported following HPV vaccination. when syncope is associated with tonic-clonic movements, the activity is usually transient and typically responds to restoring cerebral perfusion.                                Safety and effectivenees of  GARDASIL 9 have not been established in pregnant women.                                                                                     The most common (10% ) local and systemic adverse reactions in females were injection-site pain, swelling, erythema, and headache. the most common ( 10% ) local and systemic reactions in males were injection-site pain, swelling, and erythema.                                                                                                                    The duration of immunity of GARDASIL 9 has not been established.                                                                                                                                              Dosage and Administration for GARDASIL 9                                                GARDASIL 9 should be administered intramuscularly in the deltoid or anterolateral area of the thigh.                                                                                     For individuals 9 through 14 years of age, GARDASIL 9 can be administered using a 2- dose or 3-dose schedule, the second dose shoul be administered 6-12 months after the first dose. if the second is administered less than 5 months after the first dose, a third dose should be given at least 4 months after the second dose. for the 3- dose schedule, GARDASIL 9 Should be administered at 0,2 months, and 6 months.                                                                                             For individuals 15 through 45 years of age, GARDASIL 9 is administered using a 3-dose schedule at 0,2 months, and 6 months.                                                                                                                

Gardasil 4 vaccine

                                         Gardasil 4 Vaccine                                What age is Gardasil 4 for? HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) ACID also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger.                                                                    Why was Gardasil 4 discontinued? The local supply of another HPV vaccine registered by Merck sharp & Dohme ( Asia ) limited ( MSD ), "Gardasil Vaccine Inj ( pre-filled syringe )" ( HK- 54935 ) (a 4-valent HPV vaccine ), was also discontinued earlier at the end of 2018 due to significant reduction in local demand. The protection provided by HPV vaccine lasts a long time. people who received HPV vaccine were Followed for at least about 12 years, and their protection against HPV has remained high with no evidence of decreasing over time.                                                                                                                                    How effective is HPV4 Vaccine? If you are vaccinated before being exposed to the virus, the HPV Vaccine is 97 percent effective in preventing cervical cancer and cell changes that could lead to cancer. Plus, it's almost 100 percent effective in preventing external genital warts.                                        When was Gardasil 4 approved? On october 16, 2009, the food and Drug Administration licensed quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine ( HPV4; Gardasil, Merck & Co. Inc.) May 28, 2010                                                            Should I take Gardasil 4 or 9? Answer: In accordance with current scientific studies, apart from HPV type 16 and 18, other high-risk HPV including type 31,33,45,52, and 58 can potentially cause pre- cancerous changes. therefore, the 9- valent HPV vaccine offers more protection against HPV than the quadrivalent HPV vaccine does and is as safe.                                    Does Gardasil 4 protect against oral HPV? Previously the vaccine was shown to be highly effective in preventing cervical, anal and genital HPV infections, warts and cancers, and the Roswell Park Research shows that it protect against oral HPV infection as well. Mar 4, 2020                                      What are the risks with Gardasil? Possible side effects Pain, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was given. fever, Dizziness or fainting ( fainting after any vaccine, including HPV Vaccine, is more common among adolescents than others ) Nausea, Headache or feeling tired, Muscle or joint pain.                                                                                                         

Typhoid Vaccine

                                    Typhoid Vaccine for Kids                          As of 2019, an estimated 9 million people get sick from typhoid and 110,000 people die from it every year. Symotoms include prolonged fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhoea. Some patients may have a rash. Severe cases may lead to serious complications or even death. Typhoid fever can be treated with antibiotics although increasing resistance to different types of antibiotics is making treatment more complicated. The typhoid conjugate vaccine is recommended for use in children from 6 months of age and in adults up to 45 years or 65 years (depending on the vaccine). Two Typhoid conjugate vaccines have been prequalified by WHO since December 2017 and are being introduced into childhood immunization programmes in typhoid endemic countries.                                          Typhoid fever is a life- threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. it is usually spread through contaminated food or water. once salmonella typhi bacteria are ingested, they multiply and spread into the bloodstream.                                                                                                                            Urbanization and climate change have the potential to increase the global burden of typhoid. in addition, increasing resistance to antibiotic treatment is making it easier for typhoid to spread in communities that lack access to safe drinking water or adequate sanitation.                                                                 Salmonella typhi lives only in humans. persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. Symptoms include prolonged high fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhoea. some patients may have a rash. severe cases may lead to serious complications or even death. typhoid fever can be confirmed through blood testing.                                                                                                                             Improved living conditions and the introduction of the antibiotics resulted in a drastic reduction of typhoid and mortality in industrialized countries. however, the disease continues to be a public health problem in many developing areas of the WHO African, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions.                                                                                         It is important for people being treated for typhoid fever to                      do the following:                                                                                          Take prescribed antibiotics for as long as the doctor has prescribed.               Wash their hands with soap and water after using the bathroom and avoid preparing or serving food for other people. this  will lower the chance of passing the infection on to someone else.                                                                        Have their doctor test to ensure that no Salmonella typhi bacteria remain in their bady.                                                              

Hepatitis A Vaccine

                                             Hepatitis A Vaccine                               Your child's pediatrician may have mentioned that she's due to receive the hepatitis A vaccine at one of her upcoming well visits. here's everything you need to know about it, including the number of doses your baby will get.                  What is Hepatitis A?                                                                                                           Hepatitis A is a very contagious liver infection that is common in many parts of the world. The good news is that thanks to the hepa vaccine, new cases of hepatitis A are estimated to have fallen to 1,500 a year in the United State, a significant drop from about 31,000 annually when the vaccine was first recommende in 1996. The hepatitis A virus is spread through  close contact with an infected person, through contact with the feces of an infected person, by touching items or objects with the virus on them ( one more reason to wash your hands frequently! ), and by eating or drinking contaminated food or water.[ 1 ]                                                                                                                                    Hepatitis A can last a few weeks to several months, and most people recover without any long-term effects. however, don't let the relatively short duration fool you, because for some people, the infection can lead to liver failure and even death.                                                                                                                                    Symptoms of the illness can include:[2]                                                                                     fever, loss of appetite, Stomach pain,Vomiting, Jaundice             (yellow skin or eyes ), Dark urine,Clay- colored bowel movements                               The tricky part with Hepatitis A is that not everyone shows symptoms, including young children, which makes it very easy for the virus to go undetected and to spread.                                                                                         When Should babies get the hepatitis A vaccine?                                    The hepatitis A vaccine is safe and effective and provides long-term protection.                                                                                                                                 The first Hepa Vaccine dose should be given between 12 and 23 months. the second dose should  be given at least six months later.                                                     Those who were older than 1 at the time when the hepatitis A vaccine was routinely recommended should also complete the two-dose vaccination schedule, especially before international travel.                                                                   Your Doctor should be able to addressany concerns you may have about the Hepa Vaccine, its symptoms and the protection it provides. Keep in mind that the vaccine is crucial to your baby's health as well as the health of  your family, friends and community.                                                                                         Hepa Immunization Schedule                                                                                                   The Hepa vaccine is recommended for children 12-23 months old, followed by a second dose at least 6 months later.                                                               Hepa can be given as early as 6 months of age if a baby will travel to a place where hepatitis A is common. the baby will still need routine vaccination after their first birthday. it's also recommended for older kids (2-18 years old) who have't already gotten it.